1~
2Selama bertahun-tahun, memilih rangka kerja web JavaScript bermakna menerima kompromi: Express adalah sejagat tetapi perlahan dan terikat dengan Node, Fastify pantas tetapi hanya Node, Next.js berciri penuh tetapi berat. Apabila runtime edge — Cloudflare Workers, Deno Deploy, Bun, Vercel Edge — muncul, rangka kerja itu menunjukkan hadnya.
3~
4[Hono](https://hono.dev) (Jepun untuk "api" 🔥) ialah jawapan moden. Rangka kerja di bawah 14KB, dibina sepenuhnya di atas Web Standards (`Request`, `Response`, `fetch`), berjalan di mana-mana terdapat runtime JavaScript. Kod yang sama disebarkan ke Cloudflare Workers, Bun, Deno, Node.js, Vercel, Netlify dan AWS Lambda — tanpa perubahan.
5~
6## Mengapa Hono
7~
81. **Prestasi.** `RegExpRouter` mengkompil semua corak laluan kepada satu regex. Penanda aras melebihi 400,000 ops/s.
92. **Mudah alih.** Web Standards bermaksud sifar kebergantungan Node.
103. **DX TypeScript-first.** Parameter laluan disimpulkan sebagai literal type, klien RPC selamat-jenis end-to-end.
11~
12```mermaid
13graph LR
14    Client[Client] -->|Request| App[app.fetch]
15    App --> MW1[Middleware 1]
16    MW1 --> MW2[Middleware 2]
17    MW2 --> Router[RegExpRouter]
18    Router --> Handler[Route Handler]
19    Handler --> Context[c.json / c.text]
20    Context -->|Response| Client
21    App -.->|deploy| CF[Cloudflare Workers]
22    App -.->|deploy| Bun[Bun]
23    App -.->|deploy| Deno[Deno]
24    App -.->|deploy| Node[Node.js]
25    App -.->|deploy| Vercel[Vercel]
26```
27~
28## Memulakan
29~
30```bash
31npm create hono@latest my-api
32cd my-api
33npm install
34npm run dev
35```
36~
37```typescript
38// src/index.ts
39import { Hono } from 'hono'
40~
41const app = new Hono()
42~
43app.get('/', (c) => c.text('Hello Hono!'))
44~
45export default app
46```
47~
48Pada Cloudflare Workers, ini sudah memadai. Pada Bun: `Bun.serve({ fetch: app.fetch, port: 3000 })`. Pada Node: `serve({ fetch: app.fetch })` daripada `@hono/node-server`.
49~
50## Routing
51~
52```typescript
53import { Hono } from 'hono'
54~
55const app = new Hono()
56~
57app.get('/', (c) => c.text('Home'))
58app.get('/posts/:id', (c) => {
59  const id = c.req.param('id')
60  return c.json({ id })
61})
62app.get('/posts/:id/comments/:commentId', (c) => {
63  const { id, commentId } = c.req.param()
64  return c.json({ id, commentId })
65})
66app.get('/files/*', (c) => c.text('Wildcard'))
67app.post('/posts', async (c) => {
68  const body = await c.req.json()
69  return c.json({ created: body }, 201)
70})
71```
72~
73### Pengelompokan laluan
74~
75```typescript
76// routes/posts.ts
77import { Hono } from 'hono'
78~
79const posts = new Hono()
80posts.get('/', (c) => c.json({ posts: [] }))
81posts.get('/:id', (c) => c.json({ id: c.req.param('id') }))
82export default posts
83~
84// src/index.ts
85import { Hono } from 'hono'
86import posts from './routes/posts'
87~
88const app = new Hono()
89app.route('/posts', posts)
90```
91~
92## Objek Context
93~
94```typescript
95app.post('/echo', async (c) => {
96  const userAgent = c.req.header('User-Agent')
97  const page = c.req.query('page')
98  const body = await c.req.json()
99  const env = c.env
100~
101  c.set('requestId', crypto.randomUUID())
102  const id = c.get('requestId')
103~
104  c.header('X-Request-Id', id)
105  c.status(200)
106  return c.json({ userAgent, page, body, id })
107})
108```
109~
110## Middleware: model bawang
111~
112```typescript
113import { Hono } from 'hono'
114import { logger } from 'hono/logger'
115import { cors } from 'hono/cors'
116import { secureHeaders } from 'hono/secure-headers'
117~
118const app = new Hono()
119~
120app.use('*', logger())
121app.use('*', secureHeaders())
122app.use('/api/*', cors({ origin: 'https://spinny.dev' }))
123~
124app.use('*', async (c, next) => {
125  const start = performance.now()
126  await next()
127  c.header('X-Response-Time', `${performance.now() - start}ms`)
128})
129```
130~
131### Middleware terbina
132~
133| Middleware | Tujuan |
134|-----------|---------|
135| `logger` | Log berstruktur kaedah, laluan, status, tempoh |
136| `cors` | CORS boleh dikonfigurasi mengikut origin, kaedah, header |
137| `csrf` | Perlindungan CSRF berasaskan origin |
138| `secureHeaders` | Menetapkan CSP, HSTS, X-Frame-Options |
139| `bearerAuth` / `basicAuth` | Auth Bearer/Basic siap pakai |
140| `jwt` | JWT sahkan/tandatangan dengan `jose` |
141| `etag` | Menjana ETag dan mengendalikan 304 |
142| `cache` | Cache melalui Web Cache API |
143| `compress` | gzip/deflate pada respons |
144| `bodyLimit` | Menolak body melebihi ambang |
145| `timing` | Header Server-Timing untuk profiling |
146~
147### Middleware tersuai selamat-jenis
148~
149```typescript
150import { createMiddleware } from 'hono/factory'
151~
152type AuthVars = { userId: string; role: 'user' | 'admin' }
153~
154export const requireAuth = createMiddleware<{ Variables: AuthVars }>(
155  async (c, next) => {
156    const token = c.req.header('Authorization')?.replace('Bearer ', '')
157    if (!token) return c.json({ error: 'Unauthorized' }, 401)
158~
159    const payload = await verifyJwt(token)
160    c.set('userId', payload.sub)
161    c.set('role', payload.role)
162    await next()
163  }
164)
165~
166app.get('/me', requireAuth, (c) => {
167  const userId = c.var.userId
168  return c.json({ userId })
169})
170```
171~
172## Validasi dengan Zod
173~
174```typescript
175import { Hono } from 'hono'
176import { zValidator } from '@hono/zod-validator'
177import { z } from 'zod'
178~
179const createPost = z.object({
180  title: z.string().min(1).max(200),
181  body: z.string().min(1),
182  tags: z.array(z.string()).default([]),
183})
184~
185app.post(
186  '/posts',
187  zValidator('json', createPost),
188  (c) => {
189    const data = c.req.valid('json')
190    return c.json({ ok: true, post: data }, 201)
191  }
192)
193```
194~
195## RPC: klien selamat-jenis end-to-end
196~
197```typescript
198// server.ts
199import { Hono } from 'hono'
200import { zValidator } from '@hono/zod-validator'
201import { z } from 'zod'
202~
203const app = new Hono()
204  .get('/posts/:id', (c) =>
205    c.json({ id: c.req.param('id'), title: 'Hello' })
206  )
207  .post(
208    '/posts',
209    zValidator('json', z.object({ title: z.string(), body: z.string() })),
210    (c) => c.json({ ok: true }, 201)
211  )
212~
213export type AppType = typeof app
214export default app
215```
216~
217```typescript
218// client.ts
219import { hc } from 'hono/client'
220import type { AppType } from './server'
221~
222const client = hc<AppType>('https://api.spinny.dev')
223~
224const res = await client.posts[':id'].$get({ param: { id: '42' } })
225if (res.ok) {
226  const data = await res.json()
227  console.log(data.title)
228}
229~
230const created = await client.posts.$post({
231  json: { title: 'Helo', body: 'Hono adalah api' },
232})
233```
234~
235### Diskriminasi kod status
236~
237```typescript
238.get('/posts/:id', (c) => {
239  const post = findPost(c.req.param('id'))
240  if (!post) return c.json({ error: 'not found' }, 404)
241  return c.json({ post }, 200)
242})
243```
244~
245```typescript
246const res = await client.posts[':id'].$get({ param: { id } })
247if (res.status === 404) {
248  const { error } = await res.json()
249}
250if (res.status === 200) {
251  const { post } = await res.json()
252}
253```
254~
255## Penghala dan prestasi
256~
257| Penghala | Kekuatan | Bila digunakan |
258|--------|-----------|-------------|
259| `RegExpRouter` | Kelajuan maksimum, regex terkompil | Lalai untuk kebanyakan API |
260| `TrieRouter` | Menyokong semua corak | Corak kompleks yang RegExp tidak boleh kendalikan |
261| `SmartRouter` | Memilih yang terbaik secara automatik | Lalai disyorkan |
262| `LinearRouter` | Pendaftaran ultra-laju | Pekerja sekali tembak, cold start kritikal |
263| `PatternRouter` | Bundle minimum (<15KB) | Kekangan saiz melampau |
264~
265```typescript
266import { Hono } from 'hono'
267import { LinearRouter } from 'hono/router/linear-router'
268~
269const app = new Hono({ router: new LinearRouter() })
270```
271~
272## Deploy pelbagai runtime
273~
274### Cloudflare Workers
275~
276```typescript
277import { Hono } from 'hono'
278~
279type Bindings = { MY_KV: KVNamespace; DB: D1Database }
280const app = new Hono<{ Bindings: Bindings }>()
281~
282app.get('/cache/:key', async (c) => {
283  const value = await c.env.MY_KV.get(c.req.param('key'))
284  return c.json({ value })
285})
286~
287export default app
288```
289~
290Deploy: `npx wrangler deploy`.
291~
292### Bun
293~
294```typescript
295import { Hono } from 'hono'
296const app = new Hono()
297app.get('/', (c) => c.text('Bun + Hono'))
298~
299Bun.serve({ fetch: app.fetch, port: 3000 })
300```
301~
302### Node.js
303~
304```typescript
305import { serve } from '@hono/node-server'
306import { Hono } from 'hono'
307~
308const app = new Hono()
309app.get('/', (c) => c.text('Node + Hono'))
310~
311serve({ fetch: app.fetch, port: 3000 })
312```
313~
314### Deno
315~
316```typescript
317import { Hono } from 'jsr:@hono/hono'
318const app = new Hono()
319app.get('/', (c) => c.text('Deno + Hono'))
320Deno.serve(app.fetch)
321```
322~
323### Vercel
324~
325```typescript
326// api/[[...route]].ts
327import { Hono } from 'hono'
328import { handle } from 'hono/vercel'
329~
330const app = new Hono().basePath('/api')
331app.get('/hello', (c) => c.json({ msg: 'Hello from Vercel' }))
332~
333export const GET = handle(app)
334export const POST = handle(app)
335```
336~
337## Contoh praktikal: REST API dengan auth dan DB
338~
339```typescript
340import { Hono } from 'hono'
341import { jwt } from 'hono/jwt'
342import { logger } from 'hono/logger'
343import { cors } from 'hono/cors'
344import { zValidator } from '@hono/zod-validator'
345import { z } from 'zod'
346~
347type Bindings = { DB: D1Database; JWT_SECRET: string }
348type Variables = { jwtPayload: { sub: string } }
349~
350const app = new Hono<{ Bindings: Bindings; Variables: Variables }>()
351~
352app.use('*', logger())
353app.use('/api/*', cors({ origin: 'https://spinny.dev', credentials: true }))
354~
355const auth = (c: any, next: any) =>
356  jwt({ secret: c.env.JWT_SECRET })(c, next)
357~
358const api = app.basePath('/api')
359~
360api.get('/posts', async (c) => {
361  const { results } = await c.env.DB
362    .prepare('SELECT id, title, created_at FROM posts ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 50')
363    .all()
364  return c.json({ posts: results })
365})
366~
367api.post(
368  '/posts',
369  auth,
370  zValidator('json', z.object({
371    title: z.string().min(1).max(200),
372    body: z.string().min(1),
373  })),
374  async (c) => {
375    const { title, body } = c.req.valid('json')
376    const userId = c.var.jwtPayload.sub
377    const result = await c.env.DB
378      .prepare('INSERT INTO posts (title, body, author_id) VALUES (?, ?, ?) RETURNING id')
379      .bind(title, body, userId)
380      .first<{ id: number }>()
381    return c.json({ id: result?.id }, 201)
382  }
383)
384~
385api.onError((err, c) => {
386  console.error(err)
387  return c.json({ error: 'Internal error' }, 500)
388})
389~
390export type AppType = typeof api
391export default app
392```
393~
394## Pengujian
395~
396```typescript
397import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
398import app from '../src/index'
399~
400describe('GET /api/posts', () => {
401  it('mengembalikan senarai posts', async () => {
402    const res = await app.request('/api/posts')
403    expect(res.status).toBe(200)
404    const body = await res.json()
405    expect(body.posts).toBeInstanceOf(Array)
406  })
407})
408```
409~
410## Amalan terbaik
411~
412### 1. Rantai definisi laluan
413~
414```typescript
415const app = new Hono()
416  .get('/posts', handler1)
417  .post('/posts', handler2)
418  .get('/posts/:id', handler3)
419```
420~
421### 2. Eksport jenis, bukan implementasi
422~
423Klien mesti mengimport `AppType`.
424~
425### 3. Satu penghala bagi setiap domain
426~
427Sub-app untuk `posts`, `users`, `webhooks`.
428~
429### 4. Validasi di sempadan, sentiasa
430~
431Setiap input luaran mesti melalui `zValidator`.
432~
433### 5. Bersandar pada bindings, bukan klien global
434~
435Pada Cloudflare, akses KV/D1/R2 melalui `c.env`.
436~
437### 6. Ukur sebelum mengoptimumkan penghala
438~
439`SmartRouter` lalai sesuai untuk 95% kes.
440~
441## Kesimpulan
442~
443Hono telah menjadi standard de facto pada 2026 untuk membina API sedia-edge dalam TypeScript.
444~
445> **Senarai semak permulaan:**
446>
447> - [x] `npm create hono@latest` dan pilih templat runtime anda
448> - [x] Tentukan laluan dengan rantaian (`.get(...).post(...)`)
449> - [x] Tambah `logger`, `cors`, `secureHeaders` sebagai middleware global
450> - [x] Validasi setiap input dengan `@hono/zod-validator`
451> - [x] Eksport `AppType` dan gunakan API dengan klien `hc` selamat-jenis
452> - [x] Tulis ujian dengan `app.request()` — tiada pelayan HTTP diperlukan
453> - [x] Deploy dengan `wrangler deploy` (CF), `vercel deploy` atau bundler runtime anda
454~